Mixing variable types
Exercise 3.1
Copy divide.f95 from Downloads
Make sure you understand the following program thoroughly!
program divide implicit none integer :: x real :: y x = 1 y = x/3 print *, y end program divide
Run it. This program produces the following output:
0.00000
Something odd is happening. The problem is the line:
y=x/3
FORTRAN evaluates the right hand side of the assignment first using integer arithmetic, because both x and 3 are integer. 1 divided by 3 cannot be stored as an integer, and so the value 0 is returned. The result, 0, is then converted to a real number and the assigned to y.
Replace the line in program divide
x = 1
by
x = 10
Your output should now be:
3.00000
Can you see what is happening? FORTRAN is keeping the integer part of the answer and throwing the rest away.
To get over this problem, we have to signal to FORTRAN that we want it to calculate the right hand side of the expression using real arithmetic. If we want to keep x as integer data type, we could re-write our expression as follows:
y=x/3.0
The presence of a real number on the right hand side causes the right hand side of the expression to be evaluated using floating point arithmetic.
Actually, the problem is even more complicated! Where we have an expression like
y=x * ((2**i)/3)
where x and y are real and i is integer, FORTRAN computes the result in stages:
First it calculates (2**i)/3 and evaluates it as an integer number, then multiplies the result by x and evaluates it as real.
Exercise 3.2
Copy check.f95 to your filestore.
program check
!Integer and real arithmetic
implicit none
real :: x,y
integer i
x=2.0
i=2
y=x*((2**i)/3)
print *,y
y=x*((2.0**i)/3)
print *,y
end program check
… and examine its output. Make sure you understand why this is happening.
The do loop
Unless we are able to re-execute code, we might as well use a calculator… Now we start to take advantage of the power of the computer.
Exercise 3.3
Copy program loop.f95
program loop
implicit none
integer :: i
do i=0,20
print *,i
end do
end program loop
Run the program. It prints out the numbers from 0 to 20 in steps of 1.
Note:
- i is called a loop counter. In this example, it has a start value of zero.
- All the statements within the do and end do are executed. In this example there is just the one statement, ie print.
- Each time the statements are executed, the loop counter, i, is incremented by 1.
- When the value of i is 20, the loop terminates, and the program resumes after the end do.
Change the do statement in program loop as follows:
do i = 50,70,2
Run the program. What happens?
The third argument in the do statement, is the increment step. If omitted, the value is taken as 1.
Loops can also decrement: try this
do i = 5,-5,-2
Exercise 3.4
Using a do loop to generate integer values of x between –10 and 10 in steps of 1, write a program that constructs a table of values of
y = 1.0/x
What happened when x had the value zero? Use an if, end if to test for the condition that gives the incorrect value, and print out an appropriate message. Compare your result with divbyzero.f95.
Division by zero
is one of the commonest reasons for a program to fail
is one of the commonest reasons for a program to fail
Nested Do Loops
We want to construct a table of values for z where
z = xy
for values of x in the range 1 to 2 in steps of 0.5 and
y in the range 1 to 2 in steps of 0.5
y in the range 1 to 2 in steps of 0.5
Work through the next exercise which illustrates this:
Exercise 3.5
Copy program xytab.f95 to your filespace.
program xytab
implicit none
!constructs a table of z=x/y for values of x from 1 to 2 and
!y from 1 to 4 in steps of .5
real :: x, y, z
print *, ' x y z'
do x = 1,2
do y = 1,4,0.5
z = x/y
print *, x,y,z
end do
end do
end program xytab
Examine its output. Notice the use of the first print to give a heading to the table.
Using loops to do summation
Earlier on, we discussed the idea of assignments.
x = 1.0
means store the value 1.0 in the memory location called x.
If we had the following code:
x = 1.0
x = x + 1.0
print *, x
Can you guess what value would be printed out for x?
The answer would be 2.0.
Really important!
Bearing in mind the definition of an assignment, the statement
x = x + 1.0
means “add 1.0 to the value currently stored in memory location x and then store the result in memory location x”.
Exercise 3.6
Copy file increment.f95 to your file space and examine its output.
program increment
implicit none
integer :: i
real :: x
x = 1.0
do i=1,10
x = x + 1.0
print *, i,x
end do
end program increment
- Note carefully that we have set the initial value of x outside of the do loop. Why have we done this? If you aren't sure – change the code to put the line x = 1.0 inside the loop – then examine the output.
- It is important to understand that if we use constructions such as x = x + 1.0, then it is vital to initialise x to some value. If we don't, it is possible that the value might be set to any random number. Run the program, make a note of the final value of x then put an exclamation mark in front of the x = 1.0 statement and run the program again.
Exercise 3.7
Edit the line x = x + 1.0 in program increment.f95, and change it to x = x * i. Re-run the program and examine the output. What is significant mathematically about the sequence of numbers that has been generated?
